Red Hook WatchIndependent Community Resource

General Fund - Village of Red Hook Draft Budget 26/27

1 versions2026-04-09working document

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Original file not available online (local: data/sources/village_docs/doc_2663.pdf)View version history →Meeting on 2026-04-09 →
Structured view extracted from the source PDF. Karen's side-notes appear in italic under the draft amount. Each row links back to the same data the original spreadsheet contains; click Open original PDF above for the source layout.
Account26/27 Draft25/26 Projected24/25 Actual23/24 Actual22/23 Actual21/22 Actual
Income
A1001 · Real Property Tax1,465,214
adj for higher PILOT pymt
1,431,9521,399,5731,369,3701,311,6801,296,286
A1081 · Other Payments in Lieu of Taxes
RHC Pilot
21,83815,93815,12014,20713,358
A1090 · Interest/Penalty-Real Prop Tax6,5006,5005,6308,4466,4744,100
A1116 Tax on Adult-Use Cannabis60,000
Town est $80k
50,000
A1120 · Non-Prop Tax Dist-Sales Tax135,000
assumes stable economy
135,000189,418134,517189,157176,947
A1170 · Franchises (Charter Comm)30,000
trending down
32,24038,01439,50242,20239,397
A1255 · Clerk Fees800800861670520387
A1289a · LOSAP Audit Town Share3,750
75% exp from Town
3,750
A1289 · LOSAP Other Gov. - Other3,750
75% exp from Town
24,72113,2107,7348,246(2,036)
Total A1289 · LOSAP Other Gov.7,50028,47113,2107,7348,246(2,036)
A1520 · Police Fees600600600475708748
A1689 · Other Health Departmental Inc10,000
Employee Contributions
10,84111,5597,1319,36015,848
A2033 - Snow Removal (VORH)2,0003,202
A2110 · Zoning Fees40,00038,63436,28543,95635,77027,449
A2130 · Material Managment Tag Sales34,00033,00033,95334,19132,61735,361
A2150 - EV Charging Revenue1,500
started 2/15/26
486
A2260a · Police - Town of Red Hook
2260a.1 · Police- Mileage1,746
10%
1,5271,2741,7201,206
2260a.2 · Town of Red Hook Court22,97721,0809,24014,5608,400
2660a3 · Bard College
A2260a · Police - Town of Red Hook -Other150,000111,20098,37095,00099,83099,630
Total A2260a · Police - Town of Red Hook174,723133,807108,884111,280109,43699,630
A2260b · Police -Infrastructure Security22,00020,07516,86514,64014,5604,880
A2260c · Dutchess County DWI1,0001,0002751,6641,350
A2260e · Dutchess County STEP1,247
2260f · Town School Crossing Guard3,000
A2260g · Police Donation300300
A2260T - Village of Tivoli - Patrol23,000
+ 0.00 adj
20,00031,14417,2599,824
A2260U - Village of Tivoli - Court
prob not continuing
5,4005,8764,198330
Total A2260 · Public Safety Serv - Other Govt220,723180,282163,344147,376136,114110,107
A2261 · School Police
A2261a · School activities8,2507,5006,1347,2124,1049,000
A2261b · School SRO169,510154,100144,725153,170104,05067,850
A2261 - School Police - Other24,75022,5007,500292
Total A2261 · School Police202,510184,100158,359160,382108,44676,850
A2262 · Fire Dept - Town Work Comp31,500
75% of actual from Town
25,22417,46124,78037,757
A2376 - Refuse & Garbage Service - Other Gov't39,039
+682.5*1.1*52
33,443
A2389 - Other Revenue (DPW work outside Vil))1,03021,000642
A2401 · Interest and Earnings32,000
assumes good int rates
32,00021,75917,7692,55089
A2410 · Rental of Real Property370500250
A2414 - Rental of Equipment & Labor3,0003,0002,619
A2420 · Solar5,000
fixed
5,0005,0005,0005,0005,000
A2440 · Rental - Other (Cell Tower)105,000
assumes no new rental
102,000151,960128,525124,613119,496
A2590 · Permits - Other10
A2610 · Fines and Forfeited Bail
A2610a · Court Receipts55,000
Court ends Mar 2027
50,00076,80464,44561,62155,601
A2610b · Court Payments to OSC(20,000)(16,000)(23,609)(23,320)(22,444)(23,274)
A2610c · Zoning Fines
A2610d - Fines - Bus Patrol1,0001,2001,1201,8231,595
Total A2610 · Fines and Forfeited Bail (Court)36,00035,20042,94840,77332,327
A2625 · Forfeiture of Crime Proceeds33
A2650 · Sale of Scrap Metal4,5004,5005,9696,9854,0156,944
A2665 · Sale of Equipment22,62958514,905
A2680 · Insurance Recoveries10,00024,47012,96012,61912,42716,291
A2701 · Refunds of Prior Year's Expend534131121,408
A2705 · Gifts and Donations800276
A2706 · Grants from Local Govt3,04517,881
A2706b · Grants NYS Member Item75,8731,000
A2706e - NYS Red Hook Responds48,102
A2706f - Grants - DC MIG (Language Access)3,0007,106
A2706g - Grants - Composting3,916
A2706 Other - Court Grant10,8032,670
Total A2706 · Grants from Local Govt93,5924,04517,881
A2770 · Unclassified (specify)1,808
A3001 · State Aid - Revenue Sharing9,5829,5829,5829,5829,5829,582
A3005 · State Aid - Mortgage Tax20,000
assumes stable sales
20,00020,03120,60225,06118,625
A3089 - State Aid - Other (NYCOM Grants, OSC)5002,100500
A3501 · State Aid - Consol Hghwy Aid - CHIPS50,000172,203135,432146,76836,041
A4089 - Federal Aid (ARPA)106,4808,400
A4489 - Federal Aid Other847
A5031 · Interfund Tranfers (In)65,000
A5710 - Serial Bond50,00040,000
Fund Balance68,000
From Fund Balance
42,145
Total Income2,652,306
2,763,435.34 2,578,424.36 2,453,280.05 2,294,464.76 2,216,463.77
Expense
A1010.1 · Legislative Board - Per Srv34,000
full board
32,68533,05534,20829,23023,908
A1010.4 · Legislative Board - Contr Exp2,0002,0001,21571745512
A1110.1 · Municipal Court - Per Srv
1110.11 · Court Clerk24,000
Court ends Mar 2027
25,83526,20829,43427,88325,976
1110.12 · Court Justice17,000
Court ends Mar 2027
21,94620,90020,18320,11420,133
1110.13 · Court Officer
Total A1110.1 · Municipal Court - Per Srv41,00047,78147,10849,61647,99746,110
A1110.2 - Municipal Court - Equip & Cap4,385
A1110.4 · Municipal Court - Contr Exp
1110.41 · Court - Lease/Maintenance2,2002,1002,5012,0622,1111,761
1110.42 · Court - Supplies1,5001,5001,4151,5861,5302,390
1110.43 · Court - Utilities92
1110.44 · Court - Printing & Postage3003003,2022,4621,426148
1110.45 · Court - Miscellaneous5,5007,0006,0237,3724,0602,842
Total A1110.4 · Municipal Court - Contr Exp9,50010,90013,14113,4819,1287,232
A1210.1 · Mayor - Per Srv13,62013,62013,67213,72513,67213,725
A1210.4 · Mayor - Contr Exp1,0001,0006341,103275
A1315.4 - Comptroller - Contr Exp15,000
back to one audit
22,18315,69214,37015,275
A1320.1 · Auditor - Per Srv2,800
A1320.2 · Auditor LOSAP5,000
RBT Annual Audit
5,000
A1320.4 · Auditor-Contr. Exp12,000
RBT Annual Audit
36,8307,916
A1325.1 · Treasurer - Per Srv72,800
80% Treas, 100% Pyrl
71,03557,94840,53128,95014,543
A1325.4 - Treasurer - Contr Exp2,0003,7002,300
A1330.4 - Tax Collector - Contr Exp600520
A1410.1 · Clerk - Per Srv24,00022,96520,34821,37925,29537,409
A1410.2 - Clerk - Equip & Cap Outlay132
A1410.4 · Clerk - Contr Exp
1410.41 - Clerk - Utilities1,806
1410.42 · Clerk - Payroll Fees12,00012,40310,1808,5915,5525,359
1410.43 · Clerk - Supplies2,5002,0002,6713,0832,2773,572
1410.44 · Clerk - Lease/Maintenance1,5001,5001,6231,6472,6152,735
1410.45 · Clerk - Miscellaneous1,5001,5002,7503,2392,1614,533
1410.46 · Clerk- Bank Fees3,500
offset by higher interest
3,083951,5595,2774,219
1410.47 · Clerk-Postage4,5004,5002,1435,3291,2381,094
1410.48 · Code Publisher3,0003,0001,1957,9891,1951,195
Total A1410.4 · Clerk - Contr Exp28,50027,98622,46231,43720,31522,708
A1420.4 · Law - Contr Exp
1420.41 · Law - Village Attorney23,65023,07517,99518,90018,90018,900
1420.42 · Law - Legal Union Services3,000
negotiations
1,5003,6482,5091,5311,643
1420.43 · Law - Miscellaneous3,0003,0005,0007695,8381,248
1420.44 · Law - Special Prosecuter5,4005,4004,9505,4004,9505,850
1420.45 · Legal Planning Zoning8,0008,0004,7787,81912,7553,049
Total A1420.4 · Law - Contr Exp43,05040,97536,37135,39743,97430,690
A1430.4 · Grant Writer - Contra Exp500500
A1440.4 · Engineer - Contr Exp5,0003,1008,400
A1450.1 · Elections - Per Srv300300330300300300
A1450.4 · Elections - Contr Exp400400285128159225
A1480.4 · Public Inform - Contr Exp
1480.41 · Communication4,0002,000698451176150
A1480.4 · Public Inform - Contr Exp - Other13,20013,15210,93510,93510,93510,935
Total A1480.4 · Public Inform - Contr Exp17,20015,15211,63311,38611,11111,085
A1620.4 · Buildings - Contr Exp
1620.41 · Buildings - Utilities43,000
reduced internet/phone
42,30047,95947,24045,28231,281
1620.42 · Buildings - Service Contracts7,0008,4636,4795,0339,53810,657
1620.43 · Buildings - Supplies & Repairs12,00011,39318,71014,4819,39215,987
1620.44 · Buildings - Cleaning Services11,000
increase & special projs
8,25610,5916,5836,248798
1620.45 · Buildings - Miscellaneous5002002508117261,660
1620.47 · COVID -1910
Total A1620.4 · Buildings - Contr Exp73,50070,61283,98874,14871,19760,383
A1640.2 - Central Garage - Cap Outlay66,842
A1640.4 · Central Garage - Contr Exp
1640.41 · Welding2,0002,0001,3951,0921,9461,359
1640.42 · Fuel/Utilities3,0003,7802,5272,1072,01955
1640.43 · Misc Supplies3,0003,0003,6134,2273,6315,910
1640.44 - Apparel2,0002,0002,1921,2981,481187
1640.45 - Tools1,5001,8001,467328238
1640.46 - Scrap Tools2,0002,1002,0733,3462,048
Total A1640.4 · Central Garage - Contr Exp13,50014,68013,26712,39811,3637,512
A1670.4 - Central Print/Mail - Contr Exp173184
1680.41 - Software (Village/Hwy/Bldg-Zoning)5,0004,0004,2568,2442,897
A1680.4 - Central Data Processing IT - Other15,00015,00015,42211,71715,792
A1680.4 · Central Data Processing IT - Total20,00019,00019,96118,69038,783
z75,00070,36554,21251,69249,99539,767
A1920.4 · Municipal Assn Dues - Contr Exp2,0002,5001,8736001,8162,266
A2450.4 · Tower Commission14,00014,00010,12813,50410,12813,504
A2989.4 - Educational Other (Staff Training)2,0002,0001,5921,862
A3120.1 · Police - Per Srv
3120.11 · Police -Officer Salary
3120.1A · Village Police655,000
+4% by contract
630,000609,472506,436460,290387,826
3120.11 - Police - Officer Salary - Other3,229
Total 3120.11 · Police -Officer Salary655,000630,000609,472506,436460,290391,056
3120.12 · Police - Support Staff27,50026,63126,56625,57823,85423,440
A3120.1 · Police - Per Srv - Other191
Total A3120.1 · Police - Per Srv682,500656,631636,038532,014484,144414,686
A3120.2 · Police, Cap5,0005,00080,4627,04746,900
A3120.4 · Police - Contr Exp
3120.41 · Police - Equipment Lease/Maint25,00020,59721,22830,2097,4099,729
3120.42 · Police - Supplies
3120.42b · Police - Supplies - Other3,5003,0002,8167,3556,9733,385
Total 3120.42 · Police - Supplies3,5003,0002,8167,3556,9733,385
3120.43 · Police - Utililities3,5003,5004,0213,4292,6652,219
3120.44 · Police - Vehicle Repairs/Maint5,0005,00011,2798,03111,5465,284
3120.45 · Police - Education & Training1,000300425830918
3120.46 · Police - Miscellaneous2,2002,2002,9123,4221,3385,554
3120.47 · Police - Fuel21,00018,08220,44419,37320,30619,353
3120.48 Police - Storage500560621420471
3120.49 Police - Software20,00020,00013,39127,85511,3855,500
Total A3120.4 · Police - Contr Exp81,70073,23977,137100,92463,01151,023
A3310.1 · Traffic Control - Per Srv2,213
A3410.4 · Fire Protection - Contr Exp120,305120,305120,305120,305120,305117,154
A4090 - Climate Smart Community Task Force98
A5110.1 · Maint of Streets - Per Srv175,000
benefit time incl. here
169,077137,401127,524138,761165,913
A5110.2 · Maint of Streets - Cap Outlay5,8997,8555,120
A5110.3 · Chips50,000172,203135,432146,76865,386
A5110.4 · Maint of Streets - Contr Exp
5110.41 · Streets - Vehicle Repairs/Maint8,5008,70010,89211,95210,7316,704
5110.42 · Streets - Street Maintenance30,00030,00016,88425,90121,54117,568
5110.43 · Streets - Misc/Supplies4,0004,0004,1365,4853,9955,510
5110.44 · Streets - Tools1,5001,5001,9311,4081,2812,583
5110.45 · Streets - Fuel6,0004,8225,1326,79312,20111,113
5110.46 · Streets - Catch Basin/ Culvert10,00010,00011,4809,15014,5505,635
5110.47 · Scrap Tools2,5002,5002,1432,8511,8964,200
Total A5110.4 · Maint of Streets - Contr Exp62,50061,52252,59963,54066,19553,312
A5140.4 · Landfill/Brush & Weeds10,00010,0008,4008,4809,0008,400
A5142.1 · Snow Removal - Per Srv14,30027,86613,7846,6528,8859,094
A5142.4 · Snow Removal - Contr Exp
5142.41 · Snow Removal - Materials10,00033,97614,92015,55916,16819,977
5142.42 · Snow Removal - Equipment Repair5,0002,3032,4638,1251,730
5142.43 · Snow Removal - GDB Clearing18,00021,7169,278
5142.44 · Snow Removal -Fuel1,5001,5006401,2041,146756
Total A5142.4 · Snow Removal - Contr Exp34,50065,95519,22625,43922,463
A5182.4 · Street Lighting - Contr Exp76,61376,20873,10766,74763,64061,541
A63104 - Commuity Action Admin48,102
A7110.4 · Parks - Contr Exp
7110.41 · Abrahams Park1,5001,0004105131,821402
7110.42 · Veterans Park3003003,31718693
Total A7110.4 · Parks - Contr Exp1,8001,3003,7276981,914402
A7510.4 - Historian - Contr Exp
A7550.4 · Celebrations - Contr Exp5,0005,0002,3464,4525,5672,540
A7610.4 · Programs for Aging-Comm. Action1,6001,6001,6001,5001,500
A7620.4 · Adult Recreation - Red Hook Sr1,0002,0001,000
A7989.4 · Public Art Space6731,3871,216170
A8010.1 · Zoning - Per Srv27,50026,50024,59833,48965,05070,628
A8010.4 · Zoning - Contr Exp
8010.42 · Zoning - Printing & Supplies2,0001,5001,0591,952813483
8010.43 · Zoning - Miscellaneous1,0001,001912311,1605,082
8010.45 · Zoning Legal14,018
8010.47 · Zoning-Postage50050014012714637
8010.48 - Contract Personal Service40,00040,00037,82145,688
Total A8010.4 · Zoning - Contr Exp43,50043,00147,9972,11919,620
A8020.4 Planning & Surveying10,00010,0005,4156,856
A8040.4 - Human Relations Committee1,000870
A8160.1 · Refuse & Garbage - Per Srv22,75020,90018,00819,94617,67416,338
A8160.11 - Tivoli Garbage17,42014,457
A8160.2 - Material Management Equipment196,654
A8160.4 · Materials Managment, Contr
8160.41 · EZ Pass500
+ 5,000.00 adj
780350438500325
8160.42 · Fuel4,6222,2452,8101,3363,152
8160.43 · Repair1,0001,000777439696
8160.44 · Tipping Fees13,00012,8236,3315,7009,7919,446
8160.45 · Misc1,5001,000333,505625464
8160.46 · Tags80050025257150756
8160.47 - Dumpster Service2,7502,6232,438
Total A8160.4 · Materials Managment, Contr24,55023,34812,42513,46312,99814,143
A8510.4 · Comm Beautification - Contr Exp4,0004,0002,0304406,7493,209
A8560.4 · Shade Tree - Contr Exp13,00013,00011,40013,76012,8608,900
A8676.4 - Prov - Public Ser (Lang Access Grant)3,8555,3701,3412,996
A8989.4 - Home & Community Services (Compost)2,9511,870
A9010.8 · State Retirement System45,00042,32837,90030,56027,60048,274
A9015.8 · Police & Fire Retire - Empl Ben135,000128,808130,796108,30686,72181,438
A9030.8 · Social Security - Employer Cont89,29185,79076,24666,55365,69961,224
A9040.8 · Workers Comp - Empl Benfts
9040.81 · Workers Comp - Village23,00023,00022,76516,75228,18016,390
9040.82 · Workers Comp - Fire Department42,00046,59157,03933,29442,90552,774
Total A9040.8 · Workers Comp - Empl Benfts65,00069,59179,80450,04671,08669,164
A9055.8 - Disability (Fire)3,7003,7012,7822,4643,669
A9060.8 · Medical Insurance - Empl Benfts(66,000)(8,500)(66,000)(70,438)(43,000)155,513
Medical Insurance - Police121,000106,089118,23192,79076,936
Medical Insurance - Highway91,02658,34162,00859,42252,554
Medical Insurance - Village87,00056,50377,85459,42072,639
Medical Insurance - Retirees13,70012,00024,16329,23025,477
A9060.8 · Medical Insurance - Empl Benfts Total246,726224,432216,257170,423184,606155,513
A9089.8 · Other Employee Benfts (LOSAP)5,0004,0003,5174,1942,99511,316
A9199N - Employee Benefits1,000900
A9621 · Transfer -Highway Reserve Fund2,5002,500
A9622 · Transfer- Police Vehicle/Equipm2,5002,500
A9623 · Fire Reserve Fund2,5002,500
A9624 - Building Reserve Fund2,5002,500
A9625 - Employee Benefit Accrual Reserve2,5002,500
A9710.6 · Debt Principal - Serial Bonds
9710.62 · Backhoe Principal6,2596,259
9710.64 · Snow Plow (Prin)8,886
confirmed
8,8868,8868,8868,8868,886
9710.65 - 2020 Police Truck Principal7,500
confirmed
7,5008,2207,5008,000
9710.66? - Garbage/Leaf Truck Principal20,000
confirmed
15,00015,000
Total A9710.6 · Debt Principal - Serial Bonds36,38631,38632,10616,38623,14415,144
A9710.7 · Debt Interest - Serial Bonds
9710.72 · Backhoe Interest9336
9710.74 · Snowplow (Int)5257871,0561,3111,1941,707
9710.75 - 2020 Police Truck Interest1701,0002,1232,000
9710.76 - Garbage/Leaf Truck1,0001,5762,1015,409
Total A9710.7 · Debt Interest - Serial Bonds1,6953,3633,1578,8433,2032,043
A9730.6 · Debt Principal - VB Bond230,000
A9750.7 · Debt Interest VB Bond7,098
A9789.7 · Short Term Interest28108
Total Expense2,652,3062,763,435
Net Ordinary Income48,8697,990148,75740,535
A9025.4 - Local Pension Contr (LOSAP Adm)25,308
Net Income(25,308)48,8697,990148,75740,535

Changes between versions

2026-03-092026-03-09
minor edit+33

Minor wording changes were made to the NY Alert Notifications section.

  • Changed 'Noncompliance Reports' to 'Notice of Violations' in the NY Alert Notifications section
  • Changed 'DEC issued a Notice of Violation, attached' to 'DEC issued a letter, attached'
Show red-line diff
## Village of Red Hook SEWER OPERATONS REPORT ## Late January/February 2026 We had operational meetings on Jan. 22, Feb. 5, Feb. 19 where we reviewed sewer operations. Present were Village Engineer Robert Flores, Sewer Operator Les Coon, DPW Foreman Jake Smith, Sewer Clerk Jen Cavanaugh, and Mayor Karen Smythe ## SEWER OPERATIONS: ODORS – Throughout February we had a series of odor complaints Feb. 5, 13 & 20 from Red Hook Estates, Feb. 15, 27 (2) from Smith Street. One from Kent Rd. appears to have been a private septic system issue; all the others appear to have come from our EQ tank. Last March 2025, a system to pull the air from the EQ tank into the odor control system was installed. On Monday, March 2, it was discovered that the blower fan that operated this system had failed. The operator thought they had confirmed it was working but it turns out it was not. A replacement fan was installed Monday (3/2/26) afternoon. ## NY ALERT NOTIFICATIONS/NOTICE OF VIOLATIONS On Feb. 20 & 24 there were NY Alerts and NoncomplianceNotice Reportsof Violations submitted to DEC regarding partially treated discharge. 2/20 was both Plant 1A & 1B. 2/24 was Plant 1B. In both cases solids were lost through the clarifier causing the sand filter to clog and overflow into the clearwell – meaning that the full treatment didn’t happen prior to discharge. DEC issued a Notice of Violationletter, attached. To simplify, the flow into the WWTPs was too much for the plants to handle. The design of the plant called for an EQ tank that is too small for proper operations. When the influent comes in all at once, without the extra EQ tank capacity, there is nowhere else for the influent wastewater to go. It is impossible to predict when these extra flows are going to occur. The interim solution prior to the expansion of our EQ tank capacity, is to set up a remote high-level event alarm system so the operator is alerted immediately to a high-level situation. A modem with cell service that will allow for internet access has been purchased and programmed. The full system with floats and sensors is scheduled to be installed and operational by 3/5&6. Once the ground thaws, Archtop will install underground fiber to supply the internet for the future. There is also a second temporary, above ground EQ tank waiting for back-ordered parts. Once these parts arrive, there will be additional temporary EQ capacity to help mitigate the extra flows. Until we are able to permanently add additional EQ tank capacity, we are operating with several temporary solutions. The alarm system should help to catch these overflow events faster, thus preventing partially treated discharges to occur. This plant design has little if any margin for error. In late February, we discovered that NYS’s NY Alert system was not distributing all our submitted alerts. We reached out to NY Alert and they did discover that DEC had made an error. From NY Alert: - _After a lot of digging, we have determined DEC made an error when creating the security role that had an incorrect setting preventing you from issuing alerts to the required group despite the template being set up properly. The setting has been corrected, and it should work properly going forward._ **NY Alert Support** ## COLLECTION SYSTEM – FROZEN PIPES With the unusually extended period of temperatures below freezing this winter, we found that some of the pipes from the septic tanks connecting to the forcemains have frozen – the majority of these are tanks in parking lots leaving less insulation from the ground to protect the pipes from freezing. Unfortunately, the design did not call for adequate insulation or depth to ensure these pipes wouldn’t freeze. When the system called for the pump to come on, the wastewater was not able to go through the pipe, causing the alarm to go off. These tanks must be pumped out by the Village waste hauler until the thaw. We are looking forward to the warmer weather and will be considering options for solutions for next winter. ## REMAINING REPAIRS NEEDED There are some repairs that still need to be made including replacing the return activated sludge valve in plant 1B (old plant) on the West side. When an attempt was made to replace the valve, the surrounding pipe broke. So further work needs to be done to replace the pipe as well as the valve. The UVs have been repaired. There is one sensor that is not reading correctly that needs to be fixed. One of the generators needs a new switch. ## ENGINEERING AUDIT Delaware Engineering has conducted an audit of sewer operations. We are waiting for the report. ## WEBSITE UPDATE The WWTP page under the Sewer Department on the Village’s website is updated regularly. There is a lot of information and documents on this page. Deputy Mayor Kjarval has completed a refresh of the page, reorganizing the data, making it easier to navigate and find information.

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